历史

Nanjing University was founded in 1915 with the name Nanjing Higher Normal School on the site of former Nanking Imperial University. Imperial Nanking University, the predecessor of Nanjing University, was originally founded in the first year of Yong'an reign (CE 258) under the Kingdom of Wu by Sun Xiu, Emperor Jing of Wu, and the first president was Wei Zhao. The Imperial University in Nanking (南京太學, Nanking Taixue) was reestablished by Jin Dynasty's emperor Sima Rui in 317 and 155 new rooms were built in the campus. Like its original forerunner Chengjun (成均) and succeeding Shang Hsiang (上庠) founded by Yu (禹, 21st century BCE) in Zhongyuan, the earliest recorded imperial higher learning institutions and their successors, it was the Kingdom's central university, with the role of educating literate and virtuous citizens and educating leaders to govern and serve the kingdom. In 470 during the Song Dynasty, the Imperial Nanking University became a comprehensive institution combining higher education and research and consisted of five divisions: Literature, History, Confucianism, Xuan Study and Yin Yang Study, and it was the first research educational institution in history. In the period the faculty members included such scholars and scientists as Zu Chongzhi, Ge Hong, Wang Xizhi, and students included such figures as Xiao Daocheng, Emperor Gao of Southern Qi who studied in school of Confucian studies, and Zhong Rong, a founding scholar of poetics who graduated from division of literature.

In the 15th century during the Ming Dynasty, the Imperial Central University in Nanking was the world's largest higher education institution, with about 10 thousand students, many of whom came from a number of countries. Wu Cheng'en and Zheng Chenggong studied there around the time. Each time when Nanking became a non-capital city, the Nanking Imperial University was changed to be Nanking Academy. The Nanking Imperial Central University (南京國子監, Nanking Guozijian) was changed to Nanking Academy (江寧府學, Jiangning Fuxue) in 1650 after Qing Dynasty replaced Ming Dynasty.

In 1902, Sanjiang Normal College under new educational system, using Japanese modern higher institutions of learning as references, was established to replace the traditional Chinese school Nanking Academy. The name was changed to Liangjiang Normal College in 1906, and the new president Li Ruiqing established the first faculty of modern art in China. In 1915 after the Republic of China replaced Qing Dynasty, the Nanking Higher Normal School (南京高等師範學校) was founded to replace Liangjiang Higher Normal School, Jiang Qian was appointed as the first president, and the school established the first Faculty of modern Gymnastics (Physical Education) in 1916.

The "China Science Society" (中國科學社), a major science organization in the modern history of China, founded headquarter in the school in 1918. Its members were main force that established "Academia Sinica" (中央研究院) which was later moved to Taiwan and known as the "Chinese Academy of Sciences" (中国科学院) in mainland China. Numerous Chinese modern science pioneers, most of whom studied in advanced countries in the era mostly in America and some European countries such as Britain, France and Germany, converged there to found many fields of science in China. It became the Chinese cradle of modern science. Hereafter, many graduates achieved pioneering works in many fields for Chinese scientific enterprise. For instance, among 81 academicians of "Academia Sinica" elected for the first time in 1948, 5 entered or graduated from the university in the year 1920. More than half of the leading Chinese scientists whose works were published on internationally renowned scientific journals in the early period of Chinese modern science were graduates or academics of Nanjing University.

Guo Bingwen was an extremely influential university president, appointed in 1919 after Jiang Qian. The school meeting passed The Audit Law for Women Students (《規定女子旁聽法案》) on December 7, 1919, as result of efforts of the eductionist Tao Xingzhi, as well as the president Guo Bingwen, and the professors including Liu Boming, Lu Zhiwei, Yang Xingfo, etc. In 1920 Nanjing Higher Normal school became the first in China to recruit coeducational students and enrolled eight women students. Student-centered education and Discipline-elective and Cause-credit-elective system were established. In 1921 the school became National Southeastern University (國立東南大學). The earliest modern scientific research laboratories and groups in China were established at the university. It integrated teaching and research, with status of university’s independence and academic freedom, and was regarded as the earliest modern Chinese university. The Faculty of Business established in 1917 was moved to Shanghai to establish the first business school in China.

In October 1921, "Hsuehheng Society" (or Xueheng Society, 學衡社) was founded in the university which was the focus of the "Hsuehheng School" included the scholars Liu Yizheng, Liu Boming, Mei Guangdi, Wu Mi and Hu Xianxiao. They tried to reinvigorate Confucian culture and start to publish the monthly "Critical Review" (Xueheng, 學衡 in Chinese) in January 1922. It enabled Nanjing University to become a center of Confucian thought and humanism. In the views of the scholars of Xueheng school, Confucian thought can bring bright future for human peace and prosperity. They tried to interact and communicate Confucian culture with other cultures especially humanism in modern western civilization, specifically especially new humanism represented by Irving Babbitt at the time. During this period, Nanjing University was known as the foremost "Oriental Education Centre" and recognized as an academic and cultural exchange centre for east and west. Many famous scholars visited and instructed there, including the American educationist Paul Monroe, W. H. Kilpatrick, E. L. Thorndike, philosopher John Dewey, British philosopher Bertrand Russell, German philosopher Hans Driesch and the Indian (also Bengali) poet Rabindranath Tagore.

The "Chinese Association of Natural Science" (中華自然科學社) was founded at the university in 1927. In August 1928 the school became National Central University (國立中央大學). During the Anti-Japanese War between 1937 and 1945, the university moved to Chongqing. The "Natural Science Forum" was founded by the university faculties in 1939 and then they founded the "China Association of Scientific Workers" (中國科學工作者協會) in 1944. In 1958 the associations were merged to be the "China Association for Science and Technology" (中國科學技術協會) in Beijing. The "Natural Science Forum" was renamed "Sept. 3rd Forum" and later again renamed "Sept. 3rd Society" in 1945. The "Sept. 3rd Society", or called "Jiusan Society", is a China organization for intellectual groups.

In 1949, during the Chinese Civil War, the central government of the Republic of China retreated from Nanjing and the National Central University was renamed National Nanjing University (國立南京大學) by Communist Party of China. In 1952, many departments and colleges of former Nanjing University moved out and formed many new independent colleges and universities, and at the same time University of Nanking (金陵大學), a private university established in 1888 and sponsored by American churches, was merged into Nanjing University (南京大學), which lost its "national" appellation to reflect the reality that all universities in the PRC would be public. A separate National Central University was reinstated in Taiwan by its old alumni association in 1962.

In 1976, the faculties and students of the university launched Nanjing Anti Cultural Revolution Force Movement which was called "Nanjing Incident" by the authorities of the time, spreading countrywide. In 1978, Hu Fuming, a faculty member of the Philosophy Department of Nanjing University, wrote and published the historic article entitled "Practice is the Sole Criterion for Testing Truth". It led to the nationwide "Debate on Standards for Judging the Truth" and promoted the ending of Cultural Revolution and the coming of reform era.

Many faculties, departments, institutes and schools have been refounded or initially founded since 1978. In 2009, Xianlin Campus was opened, replacing Pukou Campus which was put into use in 1993, and Pukou Campus became the campus of Jinling College which was founded by Nanjing University. The Xianlin Campus is planned to become main compus coordinating with Gulou Compus.

Faculties

Nanjing University has been at the forefront of developments in teaching and research in China. It was the first institution in the country to adopt student-centered teaching methods. It was the first co-educational Chinese university. It was the first Chinese university to provide doctoral education. It has been a pioneer in many fields in China, such as literature, art, history, philosophy, sociology, biology, astronomy, physics, chemistry, geoscience, planning and design, computer science and business studies.

Schools and Departments

• School of Liberal Art
  • Chinese Language & Linguistics; Literature; Philology; Drama, Film & TV Arts
• Department of History
• Department of Philosophy; Religion
• School of Foreign Studies
  • English; French; German; Spanish; Japanese; Russian; International Business
• School of Government Administration
  • Politics; Government Administration; Labor, Personnel and Social Security
• School of Law
• School of Social and Behavioral sciences
  • Sociology; Social Work and Social Policy; Psychology
• School of Business (NUBS)
  • School of Management: Business Administration; Human Resource; Accounting; Marketing; Electronic Commerce
  • School of Economics: Economics; International Economics & Trading; Industrial Economics; Finance
• Department of Information Management
• School of Journalism & Communication
• Department of Mathematics
• School of Physics
  • Physics; Modern Physics; Ohotoelectricity Science; Acoustic Science & Engineering
• Department of Astronomy
• School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
  • Chemistry; Chemical Engineering; Polymer Material
• Department of Material Science & Technology
• School of Geoscience
  • School of Atmosphere Science: Meteorology; Atmosphere Physics
  • School of Earth Science & Engineering: Earth Science; Water Science; Geology Engineering & Information Technology
  • School of Geography & Ocean Science: Land, Natural Resources & Tourism; Earth Information Science; Coast & Ocean Science
• School of Life Sciences
  • Biology; Biochemistry
• School of Medicine
  • Clinical Medicine; Dentistry; Basic Medical Science; Laboratory Medicine
• School of Environment
• School of Architecture & Planning
  • Architecture; Urban Planning & Design
• School of Electronics Science & Engineering
  • Electronic Engineering; Micro-electronics & Optoelectronics; Informational Electronics; Communication Engineering
• Department of Computer Science & Technology; Software Institute
• School of Modern Engineering & Applied Sciences (School of Engeering )
• Department of Education
• Institute for Gymnastics
• Center for Arts (Music, Dance, Drama, Fine Arts, Film, TV, Literature)
• Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Science
• School for Basic Sciences Education
• International School
• School for Overseas Students Education
• Johns Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies (Hopkins-Nanjing Center)
• Other research and education institutes in areas such as African Studies, Judaic Studies, International Affairs, Anthropology, Agriculture, Space Science, Engineering Management, etc.

校园

Nanjing University consists of three campuses: Gulou Campus, Pukou Campus and Xianlin Campus. The main campus, Gulou Campus, as the name indicates, is located in Gulou District, at the center of Nanjing City. The main campus itself is divided into two sections by Hankou Road: North Garden, Bei Yuan, is where most of teaching and research take place, and South Garden, Nan Yuan, serves as the living area for both students and academic staff.

Pukou Campus is located in the suburban Pukou District and became part of Nanjing University in 1993. Once Pukou Campus hosted undergraduate freshmen, sophomore and junior students and was connected with the main campus by both shuttle bus and public transportation. The Pukou campus is now abandoned and become the campus of the independent Jinling College, which was founded by Nanjing University.

The newly constructed Xianlin Campus was opened in September, 2009. Line 2 of the Nanjing Subway has a stop near this campus, which makes it more accessible to the downtown area.

Others

Herbarium

Nanjing University Herbarium (N) was founded in 1902, it is the first modern herbarium in China. Currently, it is located in the Tianjiabing Building.

Western literature

Nanjing University is an important place for the study of Western literature in China. It established the first department of Western literature among Chinese universities, in 1921. Two years later the department was merged with English department and other faculties including French and German and renamed department of foreign languages and literature, later known as school of foreign studies. China Association for the Study of American Literature (CASAL) is located in Nanjing University.

Overseas students

• In 2009 there are 2000 more students from abroad, with the largest number of students from United States of America among universities in China.

Notable people

Nanjing University have attracted and generated many outstanding faculty members, scholars and people. Of 53 first-time elected members of Academia Sinica in natural science (including mathematics), 28 were Nanjing University faculty members or graduates. All four founding scientific leaders (president or vice president in natural science) of Chinese Academy of Sciences taught or studied at Nanjing University. Many institutes of the academies were founded by Nanjing University faculty members or graduates. Nanjing University faculty members have included many pionnering Chinese scholars, and some notable scholars from abroad such as Matsumoto Kouzirou, Hans Driesch, Charles W. Woodworth, Pearl Buck, etc.

In recent several decads Nanjing University is in third place in the nubmer of academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering among faculty members, after Peking University and Tsinghua University.

There're 877 excellent scientists with big contributions to sciences in China in modern era as listed in an article on Chinese modern scientific history by Li Peishan published on CAS journal, and among them 115 are graduates of Nanjing University during R.O.C. in mainland period, ranking No.1. Among 1107 members of Chinese Academy of Sciences elected till 2007, 210 are Nanjing University people.

Among 29 First Class Prizes of National Natural Science Awards since 1956, which is the highest prize in natural science in China, 5 major winners (sole or first listed winner) studied or graduated from Nanjing University, in addition, another 2 were faculty members, and Nanjing University people were in the list of winners of about half of the prizes, in an unparalleled position. A statistic in 2006 indicated that among about 120 directors (or presidents) of institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 holds bachelor‘s degree from Nanjing University, ranking No. 1, while number of the university (Peking University) ranking No.2 is 10, and a recent statistic in 2010 shows that 14 holds bachelor‘s from Nanda which is the double of the number of the university (Beida) which ranks No.2. Among winners of the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars from 1994 to 2008, 108 are graduates of Nanda, ranking No. 1, 96 are of Beida, 76 are of University of Science and Technology of China, and 64 are of Tsinghua University which is listed in top 4. Among 78 winners of Prizes for Young Scientists of China since 1992, 5 are Nanda graduates, both Beida and Tsinghua graduates are 4, consisting of top 3 rankings.

Some of notable alumni of Nanjing University include: Wu Youxun, a leader of Chinese modern physical science and the physical scientist who verified Compton effect (X-ray diffraction); Chung-Yao Chao, the scientist that captured positron through electron-positron annihilation and tested the existence of antimatter; Chien-Shiung Wu, "First Lady of Physics", the first Wolf Prize winner in physics; Chiang Yee, litterateur, artist, the "Silent Traveller"; Tang Junyi, an eminent philosopher and modern Confucian scholar; Chen Chung-hwan, a distinguished scholar in ancient Greek philosophy and western philosophy; Xu Boyuan, the founder of Chinese central bank system; Wang Zhixin, the first General Manager of former Shanghai Stock Exchange; Kwoh-Ting Li, "Father of Taiwan's Economic Miracle"; Luo Fuxin, the first blind college student in China; Chang Cheh, "Father of New Gongfu Film", "Godfather of Hong Kong cinema"; H. T.Loh, a leader of American Apollo program and Mars Exploration program; Zeng Liansong, the designer of the Flag of the People's Republic of China; Jiang Zemin, former President of the People's Republic of China; Zhu Guangya, the first president of Chinese Academy of Engineering; Yuan-Cheng Fung, the founder of biomechanics; Feng Kang, mathematician and founder of finite element algorithm; Chen Deliang, climatologist and Executive Director of International Council for Science.

For more, see: List of Nanjing University people

Also see:

• Nanjing University alumni
• Nanjing University faculty
• Nanjing University Presidents

Related

• Middle School Affiliated to Nanjing University
• Middle School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University
• National Central University

参考文献

External links

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• US Alumni Association of Nanjing University
• Nanjing University School for Overseas 学生
• Hopkins-Nanjing Center