The Institution

The University of Groningen (Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, RUG) is organized in nine faculties that offer programmes and courses in the fields of Humanities, Social Sciences, Law, Economics and Business, Spatial Sciences, Life Sciences, and Natural Sciences and Technology. Each faculty (cf., College in the USA or School in Europe) is a formal grouping of academic degree programmes, schools and institutes, discipline areas, research centres, and/or any combination of these drawn together for educational purposes. Each faculty offers Bachelor's, Master's, PhD, and Exchange programmes, while some also offer short certificate courses.

Facts & Figures 2009

• 26,500 students
• 5,500 first-year students (10,3 % of Dutch market share)
• 4,691 fte employees (including University Medical Hospital Groningen: UMCG)
• 364 professors (including UMCG)
• 1,500 PhD students (including UMCG)
• 60 bachelor's and 115 master's degree programmes
• 75 master's degree programmes (of which 10 double degree programmes) are taught in English
• 8 bachelor's degree programmes are taught in English
• 16 research master's programmes
• 9 faculties, 9 graduate schools
• 550 mln euro annual turnover
• Facts & figures

The University of Groningen is in the top 3 of European research universities in the fields of: Ecology, Material Sciences, Chemistry and Astronomy. Other strong research groups are in: Nanoscience, Physics, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, Sociology, Philosophy, Theology, Archaeology and Arts. Every year more than 5,000 research publications go to print and an average of 260 PhD students are awarded their PhD degree.

• The University of Groningen is a member of the so-called Excellence Group of the best universities in Europe. The Excellence Group has 56 members, which is 1.3 percent of the approximately 4,500 European institutions of higher education. CHE ranking (2008)
• The University of Groningen belongs to the top 100 large comprehensive research universities in the world. Citation database ISI Web of Science (2008)
• University of Groningen is worldwide on position 138 of the Times Higher Education (THE) Ranking. THE Top 200 (2009)

An overview of the last years.

Year	Rank (Change)
2005	262
2006	232 (▲ 30)
2007	173 (▲ 59)
2008	144 (▲ 29)
2009	138 (▲ 6)

• The University of Groningen is worldwide on shared position 101 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU). ARWU is a global Top 500 published annually by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
• The University was ranked 59th in the world by Global University Ranking in 2009
• The University of Groningen holds the 29th position in the European ranking of Webometrics. Webometrics listing (2010)

Scholars have included Frederik Zernike, Nobel Prize for Physics; Johann Bernoulli, pioneer in the field of calculus; Jacobus Kapteyn, discoverer of evidence of galactic rotation. Students have included Aletta Jacobs, the first female University student in the Netherlands, Wubbo Ockels, the first Dutch astronaut, Wim Duisenberg, the first president of the European Bank.

• Famous alumni and staff members of the University of Groningen

The University's mathematics centre houses an IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer for the LOFAR project.

历史

The founding of the University in 1614 – at that time still a college of higher education – was an initiative taken by the Regional Assembly of the city of Groningen and the Ommelanden, or surrounding region. There were four faculties – Theology, Law, Medicine and Philosophy. The first 75 years of its existence were very fruitful for the University with about 100 students enrolling every year. Almost half of the students and lecturers came from outside the Netherlands – the first Rector Magnificus, Ubbo Emmius, came from East Frisia in modern day Germany, for instance – but at the same time there was already a close relationship between the University and the city and the surrounding region.

The development of the University came to a standstill at the end of the seventeenth and during the eighteenth century because of theological differences of opinion, a difficult relationship with the Regional Assembly and political problems that included the siege of the city by ‘Bommen Berend’ in 1672. On average two to three hundred students were registered with the University at any one time during this period. Petrus Camper, though, was a shining academic example during the second half of the eighteenth century and was famous far beyond the city limits as an anatomist, a fighter against rinderpest and the founder of the first outpatient’s clinic for surgical medicine.

Opportunities and threats followed on each other’s heels during the nineteenth century. In 1815, at the same time as Leiden and Utrecht, the University gained recognition as a national college of higher education, but this was followed by discussions about closure. The situation improved markedly when a new main university building, the Academiegebouw, was constructed in 1850, a building that was largely financed by the people of Groningen. This made the fire that completely destroyed this building in 1906 even more poignant.

In the meantime, the Higher Education Act of 1876 had radically improved the position of the University, which was renamed the "Rijksuniversiteit Groningen" (RUG). Teaching now took place in Dutch as well as in Latin and the University was given a research as well as an educational duty. This laid the foundations for the present research university.

The University of Groningen developed apace during the first decades of the twentieth century. The number of faculties and courses grew steadily while the number of students showed an explosive growth. When the University celebrated its first 300 years in 1914 there were 611 registered students; this had already grown to 1000 by 1924. After a drop back during the Depression, and in particular during the Second World War, the number of students grew rapidly from 1945 to reach 20,000 in 1994. At the present time there are about 26,500 students registered at the University of Groningen with the number of foreign students again growing steadily, and following the tradition set by the first Rector Magnificus, the number of German students and researchers has grown strongly in recent years.

Faculties

Economics and Business	网址
Arts	网址
Law	网址
Theology and Religious Studies	网址
Philosophy	网址
Behavioural and Social Sciences	网址
Medical Sciences	网址
Mathematics and Natural Sciences	网址
Spatial Sciences	网址

Degree programmes

Bachelor's degree programmes

The Bachelor phase lasts three years and successful completion of a Bachelor's programme results in a BSc or BA degree. There are a total number of 60 Bachelor's degree programmes. The Bachelor's degree programmes with English as the language of instruction are:

• American Studies
• Business Studies - International Business & Management (specialization)
• Econometrics
• Economics and Business Economics
• International and European Law
• International Relations and International Organization
• Medicine, Global Health Profile
• Psychology

Other programmes (in Dutch)

Master's degree programmes

Programmes last between one and two years. Successful completion of a Master’s programme is awarded with a Master’s degree (MA, MSc or LLM). 75 Master's programmes have English as the language of instruction:

Sciences and Technology

• Applied Mathematics
• Applied Physics
• Artificial Intelligence
• Astronomy
• Biomedical Engineering
• Chemical Engineering
• Chemistry
• Computing Science
• Energy and Environmental Sciences
• Human-Machine Communication
• Industrial Engineering and Management
• Mathematics
• Nanoscience
• Physics

Life Sciences

• Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences
• Biology
• Biomedical Engineering
• Biomedical Sciences
• Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology
• Ecology an Evolution
• Energy and Environmental Sciences
• Marine Biology
• Medical and Pharmaceutical Drug Innovation
• Medical Pharmaceutical Sciences
• Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Law

• Criminal Law and Criminology
• European Law
• International and Comparative Private Law
• International Economic and Business Law
• International Law and the Law of International Organizations

Economics and Business

• Business Administration
• Econometrics, Operations Research and Actuarial Studies
• Economics
• Economics and Business
• Human Resource Management
• International Business and Management
• International Economics and Business
• Technology Management

Humanities

• American Studies
• Applied Linguistics
• Art History and Archaeology
• Arts, Culture and Media
• Classical Medieval and Renaissance Studies
• Clinical Linguistics
• Dutch language and Culture
• English Language and Culture
• Euroculture
• Humanitarian Action
• International Relations and International Organization
• Language and Communication Technologies
• Linguistics
• Literary and Cultural Studies
• Modern History and International Relations
• Philosophy
• Philosophy: Knowledge and Knowledge Development
• Religious Symbols and Traditions

Behavioural and Social Sciences

• Artificial Intelligence
• Education
• Human Behaviour in Social Contexts
• Human-Machine Communication
• Psychology

Spatial Sciences

• Environmental and Infrastructure Planning
• Population Studies
• Regional Studies

Other programmes (partly in Dutch)

PhD degree programmes

Most departments, affiliated (research) institutes and faculties offer doctorate programmes or positions, leading to a PhD degree. All PhD degrees offered are concentrated in one of the Graduate Schools. PhD programmes usually take four years. The results of the research are written down in a PhD thesis, often including papers published in scientific journals.

Research

Research Centres and Institutes

Humanities and Social Sciences

• Center for Language and Cognition Groningen (CLCG)
• Centre for Development Studies (CDS)
• Centre for Religious Studies (CRS)
• Groningen Institute of Archeology (GIA)
• Groningen Institute for Educational research (GION)
• Groningen Research Institute of Philosophy (GRIPH)
• Groningen Research Institute for the Study of Culture (ICOG)
• Heymans Institute
• Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS)
• Urban and Regional Studies Institute (URSI)

Law

• Centre for Law, Administration and Society (CRBS)

Economics & Business

• SOM

Life Sciences

• Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences (BCN) / UMCG
• Biomedical engineering, Materials science and Application (BMSA)
• Center for Behavior and Neurosciences (CBN)
• Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies (CEES)
• Graduate School for Drug Exploration (GUIDE) / UMCG
• Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB)
• Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)
• Northern Center for Healthcare Research (NCH)

Science & Technology

• Center for Energy and Environmental Studies (IVEM)
• Centre for Isotope Research (CIO)
• Centre for Theoretical Physics
• Institute of Mathematics and Computing Science (IWI)
• Kapteyn Astronomical Institute
• Nuclear-physics Accelerator Institute (KVI)
• Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
• Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials

Graduate Schools

The University of Groningen’s Graduate Schools are organized somewhat different from its international counterparts. The main difference is that the Graduate Schools do not contain all Master's programmes; Graduate Schools manage and facilitate the two-year Master's programmes: top Master's degree programmes and Research Master's degree programmes.

Overview of Graduate Schools

• Graduate School of Behavioural and Social Sciences
• Graduate School of Economics and Business
• Graduate School of Humanities
• Graduate School of Law
• Graduate School of Medical Sciences
• Graduate School of Philosophy
• Graduate School of Science 网址
• Graduate School of Spatial Sciences
• Graduate School of Theology and Religious Studies

Notable alumni

• Johann Heinrich Alting, theologian
• Johan van Benthem, computer scientist
• Johann Bernoulli, mathematician
• Bart Bok, astronomer
• Clemens von Bönninghausen, lawyer, botanist, homeopathic physician
• James Burnett
• Job Cohen, mayor of Amsterdam
• Caspar Crull, student op Groningen 1680-82, ontvanger-generaal van het kleinzegel der Generaliteit te 's Gravenhage 1701-1708; zoon van Joan Hendrik Crull en zijn eerste vrouw Elisabeth Greven.
• Caspar Everhard Crull, werd student te Groningen 13 Sept. 1847, predikant en broer van Wolter Hendrik Crull, M.D., Groningen 1854.
• Ds. Hendrik Crull, promoveerde van Groningenin in 1777 in de godgeleerdheid, predikant; hij schreef: "Vruchten des Ouderdoms." Hij was de vader van Wolter Hendrik Crull, MD., promoveerde van Groningen in 1810, en Petrus Hofstede Crull, M.D., promoveerde van Groningen in 1822.
• Joan Hendrik Crull, student aan de hoogeschool te Groningen in 1646, burgemeester van Zwolle 1657-93; gecommitteerde ten landdage van Overijssel 1669-1675; en gecommitteerde ter Staten-Generaal 1675-93.
• Pieter Hofstede Crull, promoveerde in rechten van Groningen in 1888, procureur-generaal van Suriname 1903-1916, ondervoorzitter van de Raad van Bestuur van Suriname 1904-1916, en gouverneur a.i. van Suriname 1908 en 1911. Ridder Nederl. Leeuw en Officier Orange-Nassau. Afstammeling van Joan Hendrik Crull.
• Wolter Hendrik Crull,M.D., promoveerde van Groningen in 1854, dissertatio - "Experimenta quaedande de restitutione motis ciliaris evanidi." Vader van de waarnemend gouverneur van Suriname,Pieter Hofstede Crull, Groningen 1888, and zoon van Petrus Hofstede Crull, M.D., Groningen 1822.
• Wim Duisenberg, the first president of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt studied here and obtained his PhD on the economics of disarmament
• Ubbo Emmius, founder of the University
• Pim Fortuyn, lecturer, later politician (and assassinated)
• Willem Frederik Hermans, lecturer and writer
• Gerardus Heymans, philosopher and psychologist
• Johan Huizinga, historian
• Aletta Jacobs, first woman in the Netherlands to receive a PhD
• Jaap Kunst, ethnomusicologist (studied law)
• George Malliaras, Professor of Materials Science, Cornell University
• Evangelos Manias, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University
• Wubbo Ockels, the first Dutch astronaut, received a PhD degree in physics and mathematics, 1973
• Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his experiments on the properties of matter at low temperatures which made, among other things, the production of liquid helium possible
• Jan Oort, astronomer
• Maurits van Oranje Nassau
• Joost Platje, Professor of Economics, University of Oxford
• Johannes Jacobus Poortman, philosopher, psychologist
• Willem de Sitter, astronomer
• Henk G. Sol, Professor Business Engineering and ICT
• Dirk Stikker, secretary general of NATO
• Pieter Jelles Troelstra, lawyer, politician
• Henk te Velde, professor of Dutch history at Leiden University
• Hans van Abeelen, first Dutch behavior geneticist
• Wietse Venema, programmer and physicist
• Jacques Wallage, former mayor of Groningen
• Paramanga Ernest Yonli, Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (2000-2007), studied Economics
• Frits Zernike, professor of theoretical physics, received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the phase contrast optical microscope in 1953
• Peter Hofstee, professor of theoretical physics, joined IBM in 1996, currently the chief architect of the Synergistic Processor Element (SPE) of the Cell microprocessor.

更多

• Groningen (city)
• Groningen (province)
• Education in the Netherlands

参考文献

External links

• University of Groningen Official 网址
• Scholarships
• Practical information
• Webcam
• Aerial photographs of the University of Groningen