历史

York University, a non-denominational institution, was established in 1959 by the York University Act. which received Royal Assent in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on 26 March of that year. Its first class was held on September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with a total of 76 students.

The policy of university education initiated in the 1960s responded to population pressure and the belief that higher education was a key to social justice and economic productivity for individuals and for society. The governance was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty), responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership.

In the fall of 1961, York moved to its first campus, Glendon College, and began to emphasize liberal arts and part-time adult education. It became independent in 1965 after an initial period of affiliation with the University of Toronto (U of T) under the York University Act, 1965. Its main campus on the northern outskirts of Toronto opened in 1965.

Murray Ross, who continues to be honoured today at the University in several ways, was still vice-president of U of T) when approached to become York University's new president. At the time, York University was envisaged as a feeder campus to U of T, until Ross's powerful vision led it to become a completely separate institution.

In 1965, the university opened a second campus on Toronto's northern outskirts. The Glendon campus became a bilingual liberal arts college led by Escott Reid, who envisaged it as a national institution to educate Canada's future leaders, a vision shared by Prime Minister Lester Pearson, who formally opened Glendon College in 1966. Its bilingual mandate and focus on the liberal arts continue to shape Glendon's special status within York University. The new Keele campus was regarded as somewhat isolated, in a generally industrialized part of the city. Petrol storage facilities are still located across the street. Some of the early architecture was unpopular with many, not only for the brutalist designs, but the vast expanses between buildings, which was not viewed as suitable for the climate. In the last two decades, the campus has been intensified with new buildings, including a dedicated student centre and new fine arts, computer science and business administration buildings, a small shopping mall, and a hockey arena. The Rexall Centre tennis stadium, built in 2004, is a perennial host of the Canada Masters tennis tournament. As Toronto has spread further out, York has found itself in a relatively central location within the built-up Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and in particular, near the Jane and Finch neighbourhood. Its master plan envisages a denser on-campus environment commensurate with that location.

On November 6, 2008, the York University Senate suspended classes because of a strike by CUPE Local 3903. The local represents contract professors, teaching assistants, and graduate assistants. Classes resumed on Monday, February 2, 2009 after back-to-work legislation was passed by the Ontario Legislative Assembly (see: 2008-09 York University Strike)

Gallery

Accolade West York University	Accolade West Entrance York University	Accolade East York University	Farquharson Life Sciences Building York University
Rexall Centre York University

学术

York University has produced the current directors and CEOs of almost all the major banks in Canada (Bank of Nova Scotia, TD Bank, Bank of Montreal), the largest and most prominent media networks in Canada (CTV Television Network, Rogers Communications, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), and numerous judges, diplomats, and senior politicians including the current Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Appeal of Canada, the Minister of Finance of Canada, the Attorney General of Ontario, the President of the Privy Council of Canada and the Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations. Astronaut Steve MacLean was educated at York University in the physics department and later taught there before going to work at NASA.

York's approximately 2,450 full-time faculty and academic librarians are represented by the York University Faculty Association. Contract faculty, teaching assistants, and graduate assistants are represented by CUPE Local 3903.

Admissions

In 2009, there were 40,932 students with an average high school GPA of 3.4 that applied for the 2009/10 intake.

Faculties

York University has eleven faculties. Several of these faculties' programs overlap. The Faculties of Arts (which merged with the Atkinson Faculty of Liberal and Professional Studies to form the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies in July 2009), Science and Engineering, Liberal and Professional Studies (Atkinson), and Glendon College, for instance, each house separate mathematics departments, although some of these are being merged; the Schulich School of Business offers undergraduate and graduate International Business Administration programmes. The Schulich School of Business offers undergraduates with the option of pursuing a BBA or iBBA program with a component of mandatory exchange. Also, the Atkinson, Glendon, and Schulich units are offering or are in the processing of preparing to offer degrees in public policy and administration. The University administration has, however, taken steps in some cases to unify departments in separate faculties, in part to support York's efforts to brand itself as a university focused on interdisciplinarity. For example, the Faculty of Health, opened on 1 July 2006, houses the School of Health Policy and Management, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, School of Nursing, and the Department of Psychology.

The Osgoode Hall Law School moved from a downtown location to the York campus in 1969 following the requirement that every law school affiliate with a university. The law school has several flexible degrees available including the Osgoode-NYU JD/LLB degree in conjunction with New York University School of Law. Osgoode Hall Law School of York University has been ranked the top law school in Canada in Canadian Lawyer magazine’s 2008 Law School Survey.

York University offers the first and largest graphic design programme in Ontario (Bachelor of Design Honours degree). It is a four-year university degree delivered jointly by the two educational institutions of design in Canada, York University and Sheridan College.

York University's Faculty of Graduate Studies offers graduate degrees in a variety of disciplines, and there are several joint graduate programmes with the University of Toronto and Ryerson University. It is the second largest graduate school in the Province of Ontario.

The Ph.D. program at York in Social and Political Thought consistently ranks as one of Canada's best PhD programmes as reflected by the number of times York U students in this program have won the award for best PhD thesis in Canada. The School of Women's Studies at York University offers a large array of courses in the field, some of which are offered in French. The Canadian Centre for Germanic and European Studies is co-housed at York University and Université de Montréal. The Centre is funded by the German Academic Exchange Service.

Research centres and institutes

• Canadian Centre for German and European Studies
• Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry
• Centre for Feminist Research
• Centre for International and Security Studies
• Centre for Jewish Studies
• Centre for Practical Ethics
• Centre for Public Law and Public Policy
• Centre for Refugee Studies
• Centre for Research in Earth and Atmospheric Science
• Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry
• Centre for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean
• Centre for Research on Work and Society
• Institute for Research and Innovation in Sustainability
• Institute for Research on Learning Technologies
• York Institute for Social Research
• The Jack and Mae Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption
• LaMarsh Centre for Research on Violence and Conflict Resolution
• Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies
• York Centre for Asian Research
• York Institute for Health Research
• Las Nubes Centre for Neotropical Conservation and Research in Chirripó National Park is a research facility in Costa Rica donated by Dr. Woody Fisher in 1998
• Centre for Vision Research (CVR)
• Interactive Systems Research Group (ISRG)
• Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions

York has an art gallery (Art Gallery of York University. The Faculty of Fine Arts offers programmes such as design, ethnomusicology, cultural studies, visual arts, music, dance, and theatre. York's Jazz Department was once overseen by Oscar Peterson. York also has a joint Bachelor of Design program with Sheridan College. York's Departments of Film, Theatre and Creative Writing (which is not officially affiliated with the Faculty of Fine Arts) offers programmes in film production/directing, acting, and writing respectively, producing many award-winning graduates. The founders of Toronto's Hot Docs International Documentary Film Festival and CineACTION film theory magazine were graduates of York's Faculty of Fine Arts.

York's Dance department was founded by National Ballet of Canada's first choreographer Grant Strate.

York offers a Space and Communication Sciences undergraduate degree. York’s Centre for Vision Research has developed a ‘virtual reality room’ called IVY (Immersive Virtual Environment at York) in order to study spatial orientation and perception of gravity and motion. The Canadian Space Agency and National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) use this room to strengthen astronauts’ sense of ‘up’ and ‘down’ in zero-gravity environments. The room is a six-sided immersive environment made of the glass used in the CN Tower’s observation deck and includes walls, ceiling, and a floor made of computer-generated pixel maps. York's Faculty of Science and Engineering most recently took part in the 2007 NASA Phoenix Mars Mission.

York is also the only university in Canada with specialised programmes in meteorological sciences at both the undergraduate and graduate level.

Faculties

• Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies (LA&PS)
• Faculty of Education (ED)
• Faculty of Environmental Studies (ES)
• Fine Arts (FA)
• Glendon College (GL)
• Graduate Studies (GS)
• Faculty of Health (HH)
• Osgoode Hall Law School (OS)
• Schulich School of Business (SB)
• Faculty of Science & Engineering (SC)
• York University and Sheridan College Bachelors of Design Honours (YSDN)

Seneca@York

The Keele campus is host to a satellite facility of Seneca College, Seneca@York, and York University offers a number of joint programs with Seneca College:

• School of Communication Arts
• Computer Studies
• Biological Science and Applied Chemistry
• Corporate and Technical Communications
• Nursing

Libraries

There are seven libraries and archives at York, five of them (Scott, Steacie, Peter F. Bronfman, Leslie Frost, and Clara Thomas) constituting York University Libraries, plus the Archives of Ontario and the library of Osgoode Hall Law School.

Campuses

Keele 校园

York's primary campus ("The Keele Campus") is located in the former municipality of North York. Most of the University's faculties reside here, including Arts, Fine Arts, Environmental Studies, Science and Engineering, Education, and Health. All together, nearly 50,000 students attend classes on the Keele campus.

York has over 375,000 living alumni. Although a large number of alumni live in Ontario, a significant number live in British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Alberta, New York, and Washington, D.C. York also has over 25,000 alumni internationally.

York alumni, faculty, or former faculty have been awarded 12 Nobel Prizes and 14 Pulitzer Prizes.

Glendon

Glendon College, a bilingual liberal arts faculty which conducts its own recruitment and admissions and hosts its own academic programs, is also housed on its own campus on Bayview Avenue in North Toronto. Glendon is the only university-level institution in Southern Ontario that offers university courses in both French and English; others elsewhere in Ontario include the University of Ottawa and Laurentian University in Sudbury. A shuttle bus runs regularly between the Glendon and the Keele campuses. Glendon students are generally free to take courses at the Keele campus (and vice-versa), but the difficulty of getting from one campus to the other reduces the attractiveness of this option.

Schulich School of Business and Osgoode Hall

While most of the Schulich School of Business and Osgoode Hall programs are offered at the Keele Campus, both of them maintain satellite facilities in downtown Toronto. Schulich operates the Miles S. Nadal Management Centre, while Osgoode Hall has a Professional Development Centre located at 1 Dundas Street West.

Student life

York has more than 50,000 students enrolled. Many students come from the Greater Toronto Area, but there is a sizeable population of students from across Canada and abroad, making York one of the most international universities in Canada. To serve this large population, there are 225 student clubs and organisations; six student-run publications and three broadcast programs; six art galleries; 33 on-campus eateries; and a retail mall. Undergraduate students at York are represented by the York Federation of 学生, a student-elected body that sponsors most of the clubs and engages in lobbying with the university administration and the provincial and federal governments.

Residences

York has nine undergraduate residential colleges:

Colleges of York University
Name (Founded)	Motto/Mandate	Academic Affiliations	Undergrad Population	Namesake
Calumet (1970)	"Technology and the Arts"	Schulich School of Business, Economics, Geography, Business and Society, Cognitive Science, Communication Studies, Urban Studies	4806	Norman-French for pipe or pipestem.
Founders (1965)	"Self, Culture & Society"	Anthropology, Environmental Studies, French, Italian, History, African studies, East Asian studies, 拉丁语 American and Caribbean Studies, South Asian Studies, International Development, Women's Studies	4185	Those who founded York University and are not otherwise recognized.
Glendon (1966)	Bilingual Liberal Arts	Liberal Arts, English, French, Public Policy	approx. 3000	A combination of "glen" meaning "valley" and "Don" for the Don River.
McLaughlin (1968)	Public Policy & Social Sciences	Political science, Sociology, Law and Society, Criminology, Public policy, Health and Society, Labour Studies	5128	Colonel Samuel McLaughlin, businessman and philanthropist.
New College (2009)	Professional Studies	Human Resources, Administrative Studies, Information Technology	unknown	Newest college at York University.
Norman Bethune (1972)	"Science and its Place in the World"	Natural Sciences, Engineering, Science and Society	6261	Dr. Norman Bethune, Canadian doctor and Chinese hero.
Stong (1969)	Language and Sport	English and other Languages, Kinesiology, Health Science	4336	The Stong family lived on the land now occupied by the Keele campus.
Vanier (1965)	Humanities	Classics, Creative Writing, Humanities, Education, Philosophy, Psychology, Theology	4667	Georges Vanier, Governor-General of Canada.
Winters (1967)	Fine Arts	Fine Arts	2574	Robert Winters, Canadian Cabinet Minister and York's first chairman.
Glendon College acts as both a faculty and a college of the university. New College was created in 2009 to accommodate the creation of the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies.

The different houses that make up Founders Residence are actually named after the Group of Seven (Varley House, Harris House, etc.), or as the plaque at the building says, 'The Founders of Canadian Art."

The Village at York off-campus student housing area has become quite a popular area of accommodation for many upper-year and post-graduate students, and the area has had a large amount of attention particularly for large parties hosted by students, including the annual Battle of the Village kegger held in March. There have also been many reports of the level of noise pollution from late-night parties from students living in the area.

York University has also begun to extend the Village, with more housing nearer to the campus gates, and an urban marketplace at Pond and Sentinel Roads, that will have several restaurants, bars, student shops and a miniature grocery shop.

Newspapers and other publications

Excalibur has been the university's autonomous student newspaper since 1966. In 2008, the YU Free Press was formed as an alternative campus newspaper.

Colleges and some programs also have individual newspapers or magazines. They include: The Flying Walrus (Stong College), MacMedia (McLaughlin College), The Pipe (Calumet College), Winters Free Press (Winters College), SOFA (Spotlight On Fine Arts), The Lexicon (Norman Bethune College), The Vandoo (Vanier College), Obiter Dicta (Osgoode Law School), Pro Tem (Glendon College), The Insider (Schulich School of Business), The Phoenix (Founders College), and The Atkinson Beat (Atkinson Faculty of Liberal and Professional Studies).

Existere - Journal of Arts and Literature (est. 1978) is a national publication with local and international contributors. It is financed by Vanier College Council. The journal publishes short fiction, poetry, non-fiction and art from novices and seasoned veterans. Several major writers got their early start in Existere.

YorkU Magazine (est. 2003) is the official magazine of York University. It publishes five times per year in hard copy and digital editions.

e-MAGINED (est. 2007) is The Canadian electronic-Magazine of International Education. It is produced three times yearly by York International.

体育运动

A dog sporting a York University dog T-shirt

The University is represented in Canadian Interuniversity Sport by the York Lions. Beginning in 1968 York's sporting teams were known as the "Yeomen", after the Yeomen Warders, the guardians of the fortress and palace at the Tower of London, otherwise known as Beefeaters. Later, the name "Yeowomen" was introduced to encourage women to participate in sports. Popular sentiment ran against this name scheme, however, as many students were fond of noting that a "Yeowoman" was fictitious, neither a real word nor having any historical merit. In 2003, after conducting an extensive internal study, the University replaced both names with the "Lions", as part of a larger renaming effort, and a new logo, now a white and red lion, was brought into line with the university's new visual scheme. The name change also brought York University in line with the 92% of other Canadian universities which use a single name for both sexes' sports teams. Ironically, students often refer to the female Lions teams as the "York Lionesses", even though the name "Lion" is intended to apply to both sexes.

Logo of the York Lions

SportYork offers 29 interuniversity sport teams, 12 sport clubs, 35 intramural sport leagues, special events and 10 pick-up sport activities offered daily.

York University has several athletic facilities, some of which are used for major tournaments. These include a football stadium, 4 gymnasia, 5 sport playing fields, 4 softball fields, 9 outdoor tennis courts, 5 squash courts, 3 dance/aerobic studios, 6 ice arenas, a swimming pool, an expanding fitness centre and the new Rexall Centre (home of the Rogers Tennis Cup).

In 2005, plans were made to build a new football and soccer stadium to host the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League and future football tournaments. These plans were scuttled, however, when a deal was signed by the Argos to remain at the Rogers Centre. York's proximity to many of Toronto's cricket-playing communities and role as host of an annual "York is U" cricket tournament has led to speculation that the university might act as a permanent home for Canada's cricket program.

Fight song

Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: "York Song", sung to the tune "Harvard".

At sporting events, and in a host of frosh week events on campus, students are often heard singing and chanting the cheer "Deep in the Heart":

Deep in the heart of the York U Jungle,

You can hear the Lions rumble,

Oo Oo, YU YU, Oo Oo, YU YU

Another York Fight song that is used at Homecoming games is:

The red and white are waving over the field

Our team is fighting with the spirit that will not yield

Rah rah rah!

Hail to thee O York U

We'll fight for you

Once again the Lions will reach victory!

There are also college songs, particularly from the friendly feuds between Stong College and Bethune College, and the infamous Winters College and Vanier College cheer songs.

[edit] Fraternities and sororities

Until 1989, membership in a fraternity or sorority at York University was forbidden. In 1989, the related senate resolution was revoked and replaced with Presidential Regulation Number 5 which does not forbid membership but rather denies official status to fraternities and sororities at York University. The reasons given in this regulation are that fraternities and sororities deflect students from participation in the College system, that their commitment to exclusivity is in conflict with York's principles of inclusivity (no student club is allowed to deny membership except on the grounds of major, for those organisations with representation to their department), and are often associated with inappropriate conduct. Over the years, however, two fraternities and two sororities have operated, unofficially, on campus:

Fraternities:

• Alpha Epsilon Pi (ΑΕΠ) - (Eta Pi Chapter - York University)
• Phi Delta Theta (ΦΔΘ) - (Ontario Delta Chapter - York University)

Sororities:

• Delta Pi (ΔΠ) - (York University)
• Delta Psi Delta (ΔΨΔ) - (Gamma Chapter - York University)

Phi Delta Phi (ΦΔΦ) international legal fraternity, at Osgoode Law School, was given special dispensation when the law school became part of the university, as the fraternity's history with the law school dated back to 1896, and is recognized at York.

Rankings

Global rankings

• The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities 2009, which conducts an annual ranking of the World's Top 8000 Universities, ranked York at 119 out of 8000. That was down four places compared to the 2008-survey rank.

Specialised rankings

• The 2010 4ICU Ranking of the Top 200 Colleges and Universities of the World ranked York 108th. The aim of the 4ICU Web site is to provide an approximate popularity ranking of universities based upon the popularity of their websites.
• York University's overall grade was 'B+', the highest grade amongst Canadian universities, on the 2010 College Sustainability Report Card of the Sustainable Endowments Institute.
• Maclean's 2008 Reputational Survey ranked York 36 overall (down eight spots from the previous year) in Canada, in its survey of qualified individuals. The same survey ranked York tied for 9 (same rank as the previous year) in its "comprehensive" university category.

Transit

York University is sometimes referred to as a "commuter school". Over 65% of the students and staff have home addresses in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), particularly in York Region and downtown Toronto. Many students are opting for public transit owing to York's high parking fees. York intends to increase the fees for parking for the 2009/10 academic year to combat the congestion around the campus and to assist the fight for making Toronto more environmentally friendly.

Close to fourteen hundred buses move people through the campus each day; a proposed extension of the Yonge-University-Spadina subway line would help alleviate this problem. It would run directly under the campus, creating new stations at Keele and Finch (Finch West), at the centre of campus (York University), and at Steeles Avenue, interfacing with York Region Transit (Steeles West). As of 10 A.M., Friday November 20, 2009, express buses on the very frequent 196 route now use the dedicated York University Busway to get from Downsview Station to York Lanes in about 15 minutes. It consists of bus-only lanes on the Allen Road/Dufferin Street, and bus-only roadways through a hydro corridor north of Finch Avenue West, and along the east side of the campus. York University's Glendon and Keele campuses are served by the Toronto Transit Commission. The Keele site is also served by York Region Transit buses (both regular and Viva) from the immediate north, GO Transit express buses from several other Toronto suburbs and colleges or universities and Greyhound buses for regional transportation. The department of Security, Parking and Transportation Services operates a shuttle service to GO Transit's York University train station on its Barrie corridor.

Campus safety

York University Department of Security Services provides security services on the university's campuses. York Security Services provide uniformed patrol officers, campus liaison officers (community services unit) and the Investigative Unit which works closely with the Toronto Police Services. The investigative unit and Toronto Police Investigative Units and 31 Division work jointly on serious investigations. Patrols are conducted on foot, bicycle and vehicle. The security service is a member of the Ontario Association of College and University Security Administrators (OACUSA) and the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators (IACLEA). The campus community is over 55,000 people.

The department uses marked Crown Victoria police interceptors which are clearly identifiable with low-profile LED roof lights. The department responds to all calls for service.

Uniform officers can be clearly identified by their dark cargo-style pants, red shirt (York University colour) and black exterior bulletproof vest covers.

Residence watch officers are also posted nightly at all undergraduate residence buildings to provide an extra level of protection.

As part of the campus safety system a student escort service is available to all members of the community. The escort staff are students hired on a part-time basis. In an emergency escort staff have immediate communication with Security Services.

In June 2008, the university announced it had commissioned an external safety audit after a string of rapes on the university campus.

During frosh week 2007, two men entered a campus dormitory and raped two students. The victims were 17 and 18 years old at the time. A lawsuit filed claims that "the entrance door to the college and to the residential room areas of the college were virtually wide open to the public at large".

The next year, in January 2008, another student was raped in the stairwell of a campus building.

In April 2010, a 20-year-old student was sexually assaulted while walking to her apartment, located minutes away from the main campus. The incident, described by police as "particularly severe" and resulting in "very serious" injuries for the victim, was particularly notable as it occurred just a week after Daniel Katsnelson was sentenced for the 2007 rape on the university campus.

The incident further reignited criticism against the school for continued delays in releasing the campus safety audit, which was first announced nearly 2 years prior. On March 31, 2010, less than a month prior to the April 2010 incident, the campus newspaper, Excalibur published an article lambasting the school administration for delays in releasing the audit. A spokesman for the university responded that the school is still "anxiously awaiting" the report.

Controversies

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)

A tradition of activist politics on campus has resulted in vocal demonstrations, particularly concerning issues relating to the Middle East and economic globalization. There have been criticisms of both activist groups by the administration and media, for disrupting classes and provoking confrontations between students, and of the university administration for its response to demonstrators and activists, including expulsion and alleged police misconduct against activists.

As well, a controversy arose in 2005 regarding the sale of university land for a nearby townhouse development, and whether the developer, Tribute Communities, paid the full market price for the land. York University maintained that it was the best overall proposal. An independent investigation conducted by retired judge Edward Saunders verified that there had been no misconduct.

In October 2005, Professor David F. Noble, in opposition to York's practice of cancelling classes on the Jewish High Holidays, which originated in 1974 in deference to the university's large proportion of Jewish students and faculty members at that time, applied to the university's senate body for review of the policy. Upon the York senate's affirmation of the policy, he pledged that he would teach on those days anyway, but later decided instead to poll students in his courses, asking if they wished future classes to be cancelled out of respect for other religious holidays.

On March 31, 2006, in the case of Freeman-Maloy v. Marsden, the Court of Appeal for Ontario ruled that the university and its president, Lorna Marsden, could be sued by plaintiff Daniel Freeman-Maloy for "misfeasance in public office."

Violation of academic freedom

In the aftermath of an academic conference that took place in 2009, titled "Israel/Palestine: Mapping Models of Statehood and Paths to Peace", which explored the possible models of statehood for Israel/Palestine, including the one state model, concerns were raised about the way the York Administration has handled the political pressure. Some of the organizers accused the York administration, mainly the then Dean of the Osgoode Hall Law School and the Associate Vice President for Research and Innovation, of putting undue pressure on the organizers in order to force them to change the content of the conference, invite or disinvite some speakers. The accusations were supported by documents and emails that were obtained through the Freedom of Information and Privacy Protection Act.

The York administration appointed former Supreme Court of Canada Judge to review the issue, but the Iacobucci Review was problematic, and the terms of reference for the review were seen as an attack on academic freedom. The whole issue is being investigated by the Canadian Association of University Teachers.

In response to the allegations made, a University spokesperson said that the Univeristy should be judged the fact that event took place despite the pressure not to hold it, and that there is always internal discussion as part of the planning of all events. He added that "In the end, this conference did go on and we do not feel that academic freedom was breached." Vice President and Provost, Patrick Monahan, said, about these allegation that "Justice Iacobucci has looked at that and he doesn’t see any purpose in conducting further inquiries. Obviously there are a lot of different views about it.” Yet, it seems that the Iaccobucci Report is seen by many faculty members at Osgoode as controversial. In a letter from the Osgoode Hall Faculty Association, the Association said that it "considers the Iacobucci Report to be unsound and unreliable." The Association also said that "the Report both jeopardizes academic freedom and fails to consider the troubling conduct of the York officials."

Strikes

York University has a history of faculty and teaching assistant strikes. In 1997, there was a faculty strike by YUFA that lasted seven weeks. At the time, this was the second longest strike in Canadian University history. Key issues in the strike included retirement, funding, and institutional governance. In 2001, teaching assistants and contract faculty went on strike for 11 weeks, when the university broke its own record. The central issue in the 2001 disruption was the administration's proposed attempts to remove tuition indexation language.

A strike beginning on November 6, 2008 concerned a variety of institutional grievances, including job security for contract professors, elimination of the Non-Academic Student Code of Conduct, creation of whistleblower protection, and fund indexation. On January 20, 2009, CUPE 3903 defeated a forced ratification vote that would have ended the strike. On January 24, Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty announced a rare Sunday recall of the provincial legislature in order to pass back-to-work legislation mandating an immediate end to the strike. On January 29, the York University Labour Disputes Resolution Act was passed in the provincial parliament on a count of 42-8 ending the long 85-day strike and setting a precedent for future university strikes in Ontario.

Alleged discrimination against pro-Israel groups

2009

In February 11, 2009, approximately 100 pro-Palestinian students reportedly initiated a near-riot against a group of Jewish students during a news conference where speakers called for the impeachment of the York Federation of Students (YFS) executive. According to witnesses, the demonstrators which reportedly consisted of members of the YFS and Students Against Israeli Apartheid (SAIA), shouted “Zionism equals racism!” and “Racists off campus!” One witness stated that “a riot broke out. They [YFS supporters] started banging the door and windows, intimidating Jewish students and screaming antisemitic slurs.” The students barracaded themselves inside the Hillel offices, where protesters reportedly banged on the windows and attempted to force their way in. Eventually police were called to escort Jewish students through the protesters.

Krisna Saravanamuttu, York Federation of Students' vice-president of equity, who took part in the protest, denied that the protesters shouted anti-semitic slogans, stating that "That is categorically false. I heard nothing of that nature at all." He did however, confirm that the protesters shouted "racism off campus" and "students united will never be defeated."

In May 2009, York adjudicator Janet Mosher, who is an associate dean at York’s Osgoode Hall Law School, ruled that two York students, Krisna Saravanamuttu and Jesse Zimmerman, had violated the Student Code of Conduct due to their behaviour at the protest, which she described as “exclusionary and offensive” and which promoted an atmosphere of “hostility, incivility and intimidation.” Mosher noted that both students participated in the protest which pursued a group of Jewish students to Hillel’s lounge in York’s Student Centre, and swarmed outside shouting taunts. On a video of the incident, Saravanamuttu was shown clapping and apparently leading a chant of “Whose campus? Our campus!” as well as participating in a chant of “Racists off campus." Saravanamuttu was fined $150 and both he and Zimmerman were given an official reprimand and human rights training. Jewish groups applauded the ruling and called for Saravanamuttu to resign as president of the York Federation of 学生 (YFS). Saravanamuttu refused to resign and served his full term as YFS President.

Saravanamuttu later defended his conduct, stating that "I decided to stand up against racism and I think it's absurd that I was fined by the University for saying 'racists off campus.'" subsequently received financial and moral support from the York University Black Students Alliance, whose President, Odion Osegyefo, stated "We are not going to stand by while a member of our community is fined for standing up against racism. When members of our community stand up against racism, we stand beside them."

2010

In February 2010, the campus group the Christians United for Israel (CUFI) and My Canada applied to use university space to host the Imagine With Us coalition event consisting of pro-Israel speakers. The University replied that the event could only proceed under certain conditions (which ultimately led to the event's cancellation when the organizers declined to comply with the terms):

• the organizers would be required to pay for security, including both campus and Toronto police;
• the organizers must provide an advance list of all program attendees and advance minute-by-minute summaries of all the speeches; and
• No advertising for the program would be permitted on campus.

These conditions drew criticism because they were not imposed on the organizers of Israel Apartheid Week which was being held on campus the same month. In response, Rob Kilfoyle, director of security at York, told the Jewish Tribune that it insisted on the more stringent requirements on pro-Israel groups “due to the participation of individuals who they claim invite the animus of anti-Israel campus agitators.” When asked why similar demands were not made of the organizers of Israel Apartheid Week events, Kilfoyle stated that even though the organizers of those events will not be paying for their own security, university personnel will be present “to monitor the activities.”

Criticism
York's decision drew sharp criticism from David Frum who wrote in the National Post that "Since the anti-Israel people might use violence, the speech of the pro-Israel people must be limited. On the other hand, since the pro-Israel people do not use violence, the speech of the anti-Israel people can proceed without restraint." A York University spokesman subsequently told Frum that "all student groups that request university space" must meet "precisely same requirements" but that while the “process” and the “protocols” that were the same, a “needs-based assessment” of each particular case is necessary. Frum subsequently criticized the "utterly arbitrary ad hoc decision-making of a fathomlessly cowardly university administration." Frank Dimant, CEO of B'nai Brith Canada also sharply criticized York's justification, arguing that "York’s continued appeasement of anti-Israel agitators at the expense of Zionist Christians and Jews is unacceptable.”

Prof. Ed Morgan of the University of Toronto criticized York, citing a 1992 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that struck down a county government's increased fee for police protection for a controversial speaker because "speech cannot be financially burdened, any more than it can be punished or banned, simply because it might offend a hostile mob." Regarding the situation at York, Morgan wrote that "It's bad enough that there are "hostile mobs" on our campuses; making others pay for that hostility only rubs salt in our wounded freedoms." Prof. Howard C. Tenenbaum, also of the University of Toronto, wrote that York "has lost all stature as an academic institution whose remit is to provide for full academic discourse, freedom from hatred on campus and freedom of speech, unless of course that freedom only includes unabashed hatred for the State of Israel." David Murrell of the University of New Brunswick wrote that "Everyone has a supposed right to free speech at York University -- so long as groups can afford to pay security against leftist intimidation."

Response from York
In a letter to the editor in the National Post, Patrick J. Monahan, York University's Provost and VP Academic, denied that Pro-Israel groups were subject to more stringent conditions and that "the procedures applied in this instance were precisely the same as those applied to any event involving high profile and controversial speakers... In this case, it was determined -- in consultation with the host student group... that added security would be necessary." Consequently, Christians United for Israel (CUFI) agreed to hire two Toronto Police officers and two additional York Security, and that the cost of Toronto Police Services is always paid by the group that requires their attendance. Monahan further stated that CUFI initially agreed to cover the cost but subsequently stated that its sponsors had refused to provide any funds for security. The university then proposed several changes to the event and that "the decision not to proceed was CUFI's alone." Monahan further rejected Frum's allegations that Pro-Israel groups were treated unfairly, and argued that "the university applied a fair procedure designed to provide and maintain a safe environment balanced against what a university must provide in the terms of debate, free speech and hard-held views."

Response from Organizers
Michael Mostyn, the National Director of public affairs for B'nai Brith Canada responded by suggesting that Monahan was being disengenious in his letter. Mostyn wrote that on the morning the "Imagine with Us" event was support to occur, the organizers were effectively given an ultimatum from the University that unless they provided funds for York security and regular police officers, the event would have to be cancelled. When the students stated that they would not provide these funds, the university then reiterated that the event would be cancelled. Thus, Mostyn argued that "The cancellation, therefore, was a de-facto decision by York University, not the students."

Mostyn criticized York Unversity for its handling of the situation, pointing out that while Imagine with Us was considered a security risk due to anti-Israel protesters, Israeli Apartheid Week was not because similar disruptions were not expected from Pro-Israel groups. Mostyn further argued that: "There should be no attempt to frame this debate as one of freedom of speech on campus. If anything, York has shut down free speech on campus, not enhanced it."

Presidents

• Murray G. Ross, academic 1959-1970
• David Slater, economist and civil servant 1970-1973
• H. Ian Macdonald, economist and civil servant 1973-1984
• Harry W. Arthurs, lawyer and academic 1985-1992
• Susan Mann, historian and academic, 1993–1997
• Lorna Marsden, academic and politician 1997 - 2008
• Mamdouh Shoukri, academic, 2008–present

Chancellors

• Wilfred A. Curtis, RCAF air marshal, 1959–1968
• Floyd S. Chalmers, publisher, 1968–1973
• Walter L. Gordon, federal cabinet minister, 1973–1977
• John P. Robarts, premier of Ontario, 1977–1982
• John S. Proctor, banker, 1982–1983
• J. Tuzo Wilson, geophysicist, 1983–1986
• Larry Clarke, founder of SPAR Aerospace, 1986–1991
• Oscar Peterson, jazz piano great, 1991–1994
• Arden Haynes, businessman, 1994–1998
• Avie J. Bennett, businessman, 1998–2004
• Peter deCarteret Cory, jurist, 2004–2008
• Roy McMurtry, politician and judge, 2008–Present

Noted alumni and faculty

• Louise Arbour, Supreme Court of Canada justice and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2004–2008)
• Ernie Eves, former Ontario premier (2002–2003) and former finance minister
• Jim Flaherty, Federal Minister of Finance, (2006-)
• Jian Ghomeshi, CBC host, musician, writer and producer
• Edward Greenspan, high profile criminal defense lawyer
• Barbara Hall, former Toronto mayor (1994–1997)
• Kardinal Offishall, rap music artist and producer
• Bruce Labruce, underground filmmaker and icon of the gay arts community
• Ringo Lam, Hong Kong action film director
• Jack Layton, Federal NDP leader since 2003
• Nigel Lockyer, Director of TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics located at the University of British Columbia
• Jay Manuel, makeup artist, fashion photographer and creative director of the America's Next Top Model and Canada's Next Top Model TV shows
• Rachel McAdams, Hollywood actress known for her roles in Mean Girls, The Notebook, Wedding Crashers, Red Eye, Sherlock Holmes and The Time Traveler's Wife
• John McNee, Canada's Ambassador to the United Nations
• Steven Page, musician, former lead singer for the Barenaked Ladies
• Douglas Patterson, VP of business development for Iridium Satellites
• Roger Pulwarty, is a member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change which received the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize
• Pat Quinn, former coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs NHL hockey team
• Sandie Rinaldo, award-winning national TV anchor for CTV News
• Peter Robinson, award-winning detective fiction novelist
• John Sewell, former Toronto Mayor (1978–1980)
• Malin Akerman, Hollywood actress known for her roles in 27 Dresses, "Watchmen"
• John Sopinka, Supreme Court of Canada Justice from 1988 until his death in 1997
• Trish Stratus, former World Wrestling Entertainment professional wrestler/personality
• Joel A. Sutherland, Bram Stoker Award-nominated author of Frozen Blood
• Scott Thompson, television comedian, best known for his time as a member of the comedy troupe Kids in the Hall
• John Tory, former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (2004–2009)
• Ria Scott, lead singer of novelty pop group, the "Fast Food Rockers".
• Melyssa Ford, model, actress
• Ronnie Vannucci Jr., drummer and percussionist of Las Vegas-based rock band, The Killers.

更多

• York University Observatory
• List of Ontario Universities
• Ontario Student Assistance Program
• Higher education in Ontario
• Canadian Interuniversity Sport
• Canadian government scientific research organizations
• Canadian university scientific research organizations
• Canadian industrial research and development organizations

参考文献

Bibliography

Histories

• Axelrod, Paul (1982), Scholars and Dollars: Politics, Economics, and the Universities of Ontario 1945-1980, University of Toronto Press 
• Horn, Michiel (2009), York University: The Way Must Be Tried, McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 9780773534162 
• McKillop, Brian (1951), Matters of the Mind: The University in Ontario, 1791-1951 
• Ross, Murray (1992), The Way Must Be Tried: Memoirs of a University Man, Stoddart 
• Ross, Murray (1970), Those Ten Years, 1960-1970: The President's Report on the First Decade of York University, York University 
• Saywell, John T. (2008), Someone to Teach Them: York and the Great University Explosion, 1960-1973, University of Toronto Press 
• UPACE (1963) Master Plan for the York University Campus.
• York University (1998). York Campus Master Plan.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: York University

• Official website